Molecule

Elements are the substance that makes up all matter on earth. Thus, all substances are either made of a pure element or a combination of two or more elements. A molecule is made up of atoms of one or more elements. For example, aluminum is a pure element whose molecule is made up of a single element. Likewise, a molecule of helium consists of a single atom of the element helium. On the other hand, an oxygen molecule is made up of two atoms of the element oxygen.

Sometimes molecules are made of atoms of two or more different elements. A substance made of those types of molecules is called a chemical compound. Methane is a chemical compound because its molecules contain one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.

Every recipe needs some ingredients. When the ingredients are mixed in a fixed proportion, they make a dish. Chemical substances are made in the same way. About a hundred different atoms are known to us, but we know millions of different substances to exit. How is that possible?

It is possible because each substance is made of different types of atoms, and atoms uniquely combine to form molecules. For example, when two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom combine, they form a carbon dioxide molecule written as CO₂. Again, a sugar or a glucose molecule with formula C₆H₁₂O₆ is made of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms.

Some other examples are ammonia (NH₃: one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms), methane (CH₄: one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms), and sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁: twelve carbon atoms, twenty-two hydrogen atoms, and eleven oxygen atoms).

Thus, the only way a specific substance is formed is by bonding the precise number and kind of atoms in proper order or orientation.

After atoms combine, it is crucial to hold them together for the stability of the molecule. The forces that hold the atoms in a molecule are known as chemical bonds. There are two main types of chemical bonds found in compounds: 1) ionic bonds and 2) covalent bonds. While some compounds have only one type of bond, others possess both of them.

Both types of bonds involve electrons that are negatively charged particles revolving around the nucleus in a fixed path or shell. The shells in an atom follow a specific rule of filling up electrons, known as the octet rule. The outermost shell plays a crucial role in forming a chemical bond. When this shell is partially-filled, the atoms will bond to complete the shell with electrons and form the chemical bond.

1) Ionic Bonds: Occurs when one participating atom gives up an electron to another atom. In other words, one atom receives an electron from another atom to form a stable molecule or compound.

2) Covalent Bonds: Occurs when two or more participating atoms share their electrons between them to form a stable molecule or compound.

• The geometry and arrangement of atoms in a molecule determine the chemical and physical properties of a molecule.
• Molecules have a wide range of shapes like long spiral, pyramidal, spherical, and oval.
• Almost 65% of the human body mass consists of oxygen atoms. The remaining consist of 18% carbon, 9.5% hydrogen, and 3.2% nitrogen atoms.
• Protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are biological molecules that form our body’s structure.
• DNA, a type of nucleic acid, is a long-coiled molecule with information about the living being.
• A perfect diamond is a molecule made of many carbon atoms arranged in a specific order.